Sunday, May 25, 2014

How to Use "Have you ever . . ." with the "~koto ga arimasu ka?" Construction

Experiences etc.

Using the construction "Have you ever ~?"

The rule is: Sentence ending in plain form of verb + "koto (ga) arimasu ka?"

The afffirmative answer is generally "Hai, arimasu" but there are many different ways to respond depending on the tense etc.

The negative answer is generally "Iya, arimasen."

Some examples:

Q. Have you ever seen the movie "Scarface?"

Sukaa-feisu to iu eiga o mita koto (ga) arimasu ka?


Yes, I have. Hai, arimasu.

はい、あります。

No, I haven't. Iya, arimasen.

いや、ありません。

Variations:

Yes, I've seen it. Hai, mita mimashita.

No, I haven't seen it. Iya, mite-nai mite-masen.

Note that the affirmative responses use the plain past, but the negative responses use the past progressive, which is the closest to the English perfect tense that there is in Japanese. So strangely, if you answered in the affirmative: "Hai, mite-ta mite-mashita," this would translate as the English "Yes, I was watching it," NOT "Yes I have seen it."
Again, strangely, the negative "Iya, mite-nai mite-masen" does NOT translate as "No, I wasn't watching it" but "No, I haven't seen it."

Also notice that when you get more confident in your use of "wa" and "ga," you will see that the Japanese themselves frequently just omit these particles from daily conversation, along with the particle "o" (actually it should be spelled "wo" since this is the way you enter it on the keyboard to produce the particle "を.")
Note that with other particles, including "ni," "de" or "e" (spelled as "he":these cannot be omitted.

Other examples:

Q. Have you ever heard of an actor named Mel Gibson?

Meru gibbuson to iu haiyū o kiita koto ga arimasu ka?



Yes, I've heard of him. Hai, kiita koto aru arimashita.

No, I've never heard of him. Iya, kiita koto nai arimasen.


Note that since the actor, Mel Gibson, is not considered to be an ongoing activity, in the negative answer the simple past tense is used and not the past progressive.


Ramblings on Teaching Japanese

When you teach something like a language, as I did for five years intensively in Japan (English) and now Japanese to beginning Japanese speakers, either you're a colossal dolt or you quickly figure out what works with students and what doesn't.

I don't know -- and I don't particuarly want to know -- what it is like to teach recalcitrant students in mathematics, but I can imagine it's quite a chore. Knowing how resistant I was to learning mathematics, and now to consider that at age 13 I was beginning calculus yet still couldn't long divide, nor tell you what anything times nine was after seven -- and still can't -- but teaching language must be like teaching no other discipline.

You are working with what might be called a different set of rules, but for a game we all play. It would be as if we all know what chess was, and could play it with others of our group who had grown up with the same rules we did -- but when we tried to play it with a group who had learned how to play chess with a completely different set of rules -- say, the object was not how many pieces your opponent lost, but how many YOU lost -- well, things would be rather hairy. Although the board would be the familiar checkerboard pattern, and all the pieces would be exactly the same, perhaps in one group's game there would only be two pawns and six queens. And on Tuesdays at precisely 5 p.m. G.M.T. you could arbitrarily move all your opponents pieces around the board without him being able to watch -- well, that's what I call akin to learning someone else's language.

We're all playing with the same tools and the same abilities, but . . . but . . . but . . . the rules are utterly alien to us but completely familiar to them.

So I liken teaching language to teaching someone how to play a familiar game except by rules they have never encountered before. In order for two to really have a "real" game, you would both need to know what the rules were -- otherwise you would keep saying "Why did you do that? You're not allowed to do that!" And they would say "Of course I'm allowed to do that! How else are you supposed to play?

The common denominator between these two scenarios is that you need to learn a completely new way of thinking about something all of humans do every day, and most of us very well.

So, for anyone to try to come up with a particular method of teaching you the rules of THEIR version of chess -- well, they can try, they can paint it in pink and put a feathered boa around it and call it "The easy way to learn X" but it may or may not work like they would like it to.

Thus, I am always leery of any method that promises to teach you a language any faster than any other method. It's very similar to telling you you can work at home doing something totally unskilled and pull in $2,000 a week, when Fred the neighbour has to trudge out every morning and work a 12-hour day being a lawyer. Now if somehow someone showed Fred how to make $2,000 a week working from home with little or no effort, don't you think that everywhere you looked there would be an army of Freds staying home all day, maybe licking stamps? Well, cooking crack is more like it.

Point being, there is NO easy way to learn a language. There is NO easy system in which you can work less hard than someone else and learn faster. You may have a predilection for language -- a gift, if you will -- born of a lucky childhood growing up in a foreign country or born of two different-language parents or just in general be remarkably talented at picking up langauges (a parrot-like sense of mimicry definitely helps) but if you're like most ordinary schlubs, you're just going to have to do it the hard way.

And it's my job as a teacher to make the Hard Way to be the least painful that I can, and that, believe it or not, takes years and years of trial and error -- mostly error, and lots of trials.

When I taught English in Japan, I had never taught a single human being anything before. Maybe a friend how to make a major seventh chord on the guitar a few times, but never sitting someone down for substantial periods of time and trying to impart to them knowledge that is in your head, but not yet theirs.

And I found that in Japan, as an English teacher, the beginning was actually quite easy. Since I could hardly speak any Japanese, I was forced to speak English most of the time. But my school's approved learning texts were appalling, even for me to read. I thought to myself, "There is NO WAY that if I teach any student from this book the way it tells me I should that they will improve at all." Why did I say that to myself? Because if I put myself in their place and had to learn those books in order to learn Japanese I could tell that it would have taken centuries.

Likewise, when I came back to Montreal after five years teaching English in japan, I decided to actually take classes in Japanese -- but I did it the hard way, somehow managing to worm my way into a regular course being taught at McGill that was not for "Older learners" or "Special studies," but for regular young students who were taking Japanese courses as part of their degree -- who knows -- maybe social studies, or East Asian studies -- it doesn't matter. What mattered is that I was just a regular guy, learning with all the other kids -- except I was actually auditing the classes -- I would take the same tests as everyone else, but woul not end up with any sort of certificate or degree at the end of it, unlike them.

And I must admit, I went in there at first with a sense of superiority -- after all, I had just spent FIVE YEARS in Japan -- probably the most "intensive" way to learn Japanese that there is. So I figured that these young punks -- I was twice the age of most of them -- wouldn't have a clue and I'd be acing the class every time.

I was quickly disabused of this notion early on, especially when I realised that after my initial interview with the Japanese head honcho of the departmet (of East Asian Studies) she had put me in the "intermediate" classes. All well and good, except at the Intermediate level, your written Japanese had to be equal to, if not better than, your spoken and listening abilities.

I was hopelessly outclassed by these young punks. While I could talk circles around them, they could read and write circles around ME.

I dropped out in disgust after only one semester, and the Japanese treacher, to say nothing of my classmates, to whom I had taken a certain liking, were extremely puzzled and a bit shocked. I was good at Japanese, they all told me, but I knew that I was not.

However, what I took away from that experience was that I was hopelessly out of my depth from the beginning because of my lack of reading skills -- meaning kanji and styles of Japanese that were only written and of which I had no knowledge. I had basically learned my Japanese "on the street" and could not cope with their academic approach to teaching. But I also realised that there was no way the teacher could pay me any special attention -- it simply wasn't possible. There were too many students.

And what she used for texts -- "Ann Landers" columns from Japanese newspapers -- were so utterly banal that I just could not summon the interest to actually try to study them. Why would I ever need half the vocabulary involved in my daily dealings with Japanese people? There are not many conversations about spousal abuse and vengeful mothers-in-law in normal daily conversation; it was, therefore, a complete waste of time.

Just as I do not, and will not, EVER have to use calculus in any way, shape or form during my dealings with the world, I viewed it (and still do) as a complete misapplication of precious brain power which could have been used to better effect elsewhere, if you see what I mean.

So, as a teacher of Japanese, I have to decide what is going to be the most important things my students are going to need in the real world, and not waste precious time learning things they will never, ever need, like the proper way to count large animals as opposed to, say, the proper way to count money.

So, after almost two years of teaching Japanese, I believe I am on the cusp of a revolution -- or revelation -- in my teaching methods. I truly believe I have discovered the magic formula, and what's even better, this formula works with students of all levels and commitment-allocations.

Using it, I have personally witnessed several students, who in their first lesson could not even say "This is a pen" now be able to create fairly long sentences with quite a substantial vocabulary in only three or four lessons.

I have dubbed it The Kamakiri Method™ and I firmly believe this will be the new standard for the teaching of Japanese to anyone with a pen, paper and thirty bucks.

Tuesday, April 29, 2014

Conjugating "i" Adjectives

Apologies that the "tabs" function does not translate well into blog posts. Please ignore the seemingly "clickable" kanji. In the original they include "furigana"


"i" Adjectives and How They Conjugate

Notes:

"i" adjectives, not to be confused with "na" adjectives, can be conjugated like verbs. The rule is, ALWAYS, drop the final "i" (many end in a double "i" -- you do not drop both, but just the last "i") and modify the adjective according to how you want to conjugate it. In general, "ku" is the bridge except for the past, when is becomes "katta." The "ku" by itself generally converts the adjective into an adverb, as in "hayai" (fast, early) becoming "hayaku," meaning "quickly," but many adjectives cannot become adverbs ("bigly"??). Nevertheless, the "ku" suffix becomes the "bridge" to making the continual -- "hayakute" means "is fast, and ~" and also makes the bridge for the negative "kunai" as in "hayakunai" (is not quick) and negative past, "kunakatta" as in "hayakunakatta," or "was not quick."

To make a simple past, "ku" is not used, but "katta" is substituted: "hayakatta" meaning "was quick." This is highly regular and there are no exceptions.

Adjective Meaning "ku" Form

大きい ookii big ookiku

小さい chiisai small chiisaku

少ない sukunai few sukunaku

寒い samui cold samuku

厚い atsui hot atsuku

遠い tōi far tōku

近い chikai nearby chikaku

新しい atarashii new atarashiku

古い furui old furuku

長い nagai long nagaku

短い mijikai short mijijkaku

恐ろしい osoroshii horrific osoroshiku

楽しい tanoshii fun tanoshiku

うるさい urusai noisy, annoying urusaku

難しい muzukashii difficult muzukashiku

かわいい kawaii cute kawaiku

醜い minikui ugly minuku

面白い omoshiroi interesting omoshiroku

しょうもない shōmonai boring shōmonaku

=======================================================

 - ku => -kunai - isn't 寒くない is not cold

 - ku => -katta - was 寒かった was cold

 - ku => -kunakatta - wasn't 寒くなかった wasn't cold

 - ku => -kute - is ~ and ~ 寒くて is cold, and

Sunday, April 27, 2014

Why One Student Is Enough To Carry On

Everyone gets discouraged. Beaten down again and again . . . well, I've seen it happen to animals -- specifically my cat, Pika. Her name means, in Japanese, "spark," or "flash."

Nothing could be more accurate. I remember I gave her the name the evening I got her . . . now I can't imagine any other name.

But she trusts me. She ALWAYS trusts that I will be there to give her her "treat," every morning, every evening . . . even if I yelled at her for getting up on the desk earlier.

I only need one student who trusts that I will "Get them there."

Get them there I will, and way more than that.

Pika is now, one year later almost to the day, very fat and very happy . . . .

おめでとごあじます、ネコちゃん!






Thursday, April 10, 2014

One-Point Lesson: Asking for Stuff

Asking For Things

Kanji/kana Romaji   English -te form
手伝う         Tetsudau   to Help (receive assistance) testudatte
助ける         Tasukeru   to Help (receive aid) tasukete
伺う                  Ukagau   to Inquire ukagaite
貰う                 Morau   to Receive moratte
見る                 Miru      to See mite
貸す                 Kasu      to Lend kashite
借りる         Kariru   to Borrow karite
上げる         Ageru   to Give (upwards) agete
くれる         Kureru   to be Given (from a superior) kurete

There are several ways to ask for things. Usually, each verb has its own manner of sentence construction, but these auxiliary add ons can be applied to all sorts of verbs, not just these.

The "ageru / kureru" Construction

The verb "kureru" simply means to receive, to be given, and is the opposite of the verb "ageru," which means "to give," usually from an inferior to a superior as determined by Japanese social hierarchical structures.

Thus, a younger person will "ageru" something to an older person -- either something material, as in a gift, or immaterial, as in a favor.

When this construction is used, the verb "ageru" is attached to the "-te" form of the verb:

ジョンは田中さんに本を貸して上げた。
John wa Tanaka-san ni hon o kashite-ageta.
John loaned Miss Tanaka the book (did the favor of loaning Miss Tanaka a book)

田中さんはジョンから本を借りてくれた。
Tanaka-san wa John kara hon o karite-kureta.
Miss Tanaka borrowed the book from John (received the favor of being loaned the book by John)

マシュウさんを手伝って上げようか?
Mathieu-san o tetsudatte-ageyō ka?
Do you need any help? (Shall I help Mr. Mathieu?)

ちょっと手伝ってくれませんか?
Chotto tetsudatte kuremasen ka?
Could you give me a hand here? (Couldn't you help me?)

Other Constructions

お伺いしたいんですけど。。。
O-ukagai shitai'n desukedo . . .
Yes, I have a question for you . . . (I would humbly like to make an inquiry, please . . . )* 

*to a stranger, perhaps on the phone -- learn this phrase by rote, as it never changes

-te mo ii? Construction
~te mo ii? just means "is it okay if I ~?"

それを見てもいいですか?
Sore o mitemo ii desu ka?
Could I take a look at that? (Is it okay if I look at that?)

これ食べていいの?
Kore tabete ii no?
Can I eat this? (Is it okay if I eat this?)*

*Very friendly - note that the "mo" is dropped entirely and "ka" changes to the friendly "no"




Wednesday, April 9, 2014

They Didn't All Go Away

 F   or a while there, maybe a period of two months or so, I didn't get a single inquiry about Japanese lessons. That was a bit discouraging. I have to admit, Montreal is not a real hotspot with loads of people who want to learn Japanese, but what surprises me is how many of my students are francophone. (Is that capitalized? I never know).

Out of the perhaps thirty or so students I've had since I started, I maybe had three who were anglophone -- one was Mainland Chinese and two were even Japanese themselves! These last three were utter disasters, for completely different reasons. The Chinese fellow, in his thirties, spoke English pretty well but it never seemed to register with him when I told him that for him, half the battle was already in the bag, because he could read and write any Japanese kanji on the planet.

But he didn't seem to view this as an advantage at all. He kept repeating "Waa, Japanese is so difficult!" so many times that I was genuinely glad when he stopped showing up. The second was a young Japanese-Canadian, at McGill, who purportedly wanted to "brush up on various parts of Japanese that I'm still not that great at." Needless to say, his spoken Japanese was native-speaker level -- he certainly didn't need my help. But the clincher came when he showed up three hours late for a meticulously planned (by me) sushi and saké feast which I had spent considerable amounts of money on.

He had absolutely no excuse other than "I didn't realize it was so late." <sound_of_boot_in_rear>*Whap*</sound_of_boot_in_rear>.

The third guy was the oddest Japanese man I'd ever met. Also in this thirties, he was married to a Russian woman and had two kids -- he wanted to learn English. For the first two lessons he brought along a tape recorder. That's the spirit! thought I. But his accent in English was atrocious so I thought we'd start with that. When I pointed out that his pronunciation of the word "further" could not be distinguished from his pronunciation of the word "father," and how that could lead to, umm, some difficulties later on, he agreed to go through the kana syllabary (alphabet), correcting his pronunciation along the way. I thought we were doing very well -- I managed to get him to wrap his tongue around the word "World" so that it didn't sound like he was saying "Waldo," but he obviously did not like my inference that his pronunciation was atrocious and needed to be tackled before we learned a single word of English. Let's chalk it up to "Too many people falsely praising his English ability" because he certainly didn't feel that he had any problems with his pronunciation.

As they say, "denial" is not a large river in Egypt.

Never saw him again.

But the others -- as I said, almost all francophone -- were the most willing to learn and the hardest workers to try to get ahead. They all dropped out for various reasons -- most of them probably because they had underestimated the vast undertaking that was learning a completely alien language from scratch.

But lately, I've been getting students that stick. All francophone, and all so good-humored (as are most French Montrealers) that they're a joy to teach, and frankly, a couple of whom I would pay THEM to come learn Japanese, teaching and talking to them was so much fun. (That was a horribly mangled sentence, grammar-wise, and I apologize for it in retrospect.)

And I have a new young man coming this week who is already looking like a delightful bundle of joy to come. He cheerfully admitted that he'd just broken up with someone and consequently had "a lot of time to kill."

That is one of my most favorite-ever reasons told to me by someone wanting to learn a vast, complicated language from scratch. Believe it or not, these "laissez-faire" guys almost always turn out to be my best students, because a) they have fantastic senses of humor and b) don't have any pedantic notions of how to learn a language.

So far, the balance has mainly been students who hardly knew a single word of Japanese to some who were better at it than me (hate to say it, but that's rare around here) but strangely, hardly anyone in between.

So to new signer-on Ben, whose screen name is "Montreal Geek Dude" I just cannot fucking WAIT to meet you.

By now the folder on my computer desktop called "Japanese Lessons" is groaning under its own weight -- over a year of accumulated tutorials, vocabulary lists, kanji theories and a whole lot else, all written by me and not copied from a book.

Who knows -- maybe one day I'll actually make a book out of it. Meanwhile, all you lurkers out there, come on down and join the fun!  I will be glad to teach you the meaning of "Nani menchi kiton jaa, kono gaki yarrrōō!!!!" Just please, PLEASE don't try it on your Japanese waitress before consulting me.

Saturday, March 22, 2014

The Way of Kamakiri

How I Teach

In general, I am a language teacher, just like any other language teacher. However, where I part company with other language teachers is, that I am YOUR language teacher, not just a teacher who teaches a language to you.

What does this mean, exactly? It means that when I am teaching you, I am teaching only YOU -- of course, using all the techniques and tricks that I have learned over more than two decades of teaching, but most importantly, adapting these methods to YOUR particular needs -- and abilities.

Face it: it may be an uncomfortable truth, but we are NOT all made equal. In the case of learning languages, many, many factors come into play. For example, my father was an excellent student at languages; he could speak and understand Latin -- as high a level as it was possible to go -- German, which he was employed to use as a weapon against the Nazis in WWII, and French, which he acquired over many years for his job.

He was an extremely diligent student of language, but be had one immense drawback: as a child and well into adulthood, he had never learned these languages among native speakers -- in other words, if you would like it to be explained in simple terms, "he learned them from a book."

What this meant for my father was that although he had an incredible facility at learning these languages, and his grasp of grammar and  storehouses of vocabulary were immense, his accent often suffered, as he had never learned any foreign languages as a small child. Thus, while his spoken and written German were well above average for his needs, his accent in both languages was heavily American -- something I realized as I grew up speaking the very same languages that he did.

I, however, was born in a country whose second language was English, and for the first ten years of my life I was heavily exposed to this language -- Hindi -- because that was the language my caregivers and many, many people around me in daily life spoke.

I cannot speak Hindi any more, but the foundations for learning other languages was laid. The second language I learned was French (if you don't count Latin, at which I was apparently an excellent student) which for the first few years I learned from non-native teachers from textbooks. Then, I was thrust into a French-language environment in Africa, where everyone around me -- my friends,  people I dealt with in daily life and others could not speak any English at all. At the age of 14, I was at times thinking in French, because I was using it so much.

And then I went to Japan. I started learning Japanese from scratch at age 31, both spoken and written -- and the scenario was either sink or swim. I took no formal lessons, but used my every day dealings with my students and other Japanese people to "steal" my knowledge. I didn't just sit there and absorb the language -- I actively set myself learning goals and went all-out to learn Japanese, to the point that I was coming in to work two hours early every day just to study Japanese by myself, with help by the staff if I needed to ask any questions or practice my new-found knowledge.

Thus, I learned Japanese completely organically -- absolutely, with the aid of books and other learning materials, but I never formally took a lesson from a teacher of Japanese.

Thus, you might say I learned my Japanese the REAL way -- not with exercises on page 64 but from a discussion over saké and peanuts at a stand-up bar.

And frequently, that is how I teach Japanese -- not from Page 64 or even page 2 -- but from the book of life.

So my lessons almost always start with a premise, but often veer wildly off-track, because that is what a living language is like -- changing, moving around, rarely staying on-topic.

Thus I caution you that in any given lesson, we may start with verb structure but end with slang expressions -- that is just how things go, both in my lessons and in real life.

To some people, this is uncomfortable and they genuinely feel as if they are wasting their time -- it has happened many times to me that the student abruptly quits because they feel as if they are getting nowhere. But for those who STICK WITH IT, you will see that there IS  method to the apparent chaos and your Japanese WILL improve, sometimes in huge leaps and bounds. I know this because I have seen it happen -- to MY students. And the good thing is, if you take your own time and use it to learn Japanese by yourself according to my recommendations, YOU will see it happen to YOU; this is not an idle boast, but a promise with VIEWABLE EVIDENCE.

So what I am saying to you, dear student, is that I do not teach Japanese to students. I teach Japanese to INDIVIDUALS, whose progress, needs, wants, frustrations, doubts, and everything else that might affect a language student is uniquely THEIRS -- one size most definitely does NOT fit all in my book.

So join the club of which there is only one member: YOU.

To sum it up in simple terms, when you come to me to learn Japanese, we have a contract. I agree to TEACH you Japanese and you agree to LEARN Japanese. What could be simpler than that?

Monday, January 6, 2014

Kamakiri Syllabus

After a spectacular discovery about one of my long-time student's experiences getting a chance to use the Japanese he has learned from me to date, I'm putting together a syllabus that I'll hand out to new students which will explain how lessons will progress.

Unfortunately, at almost the same time that I learned of my student Mathieu's experience, two other students who came together quit, citing my "disorganized" teaching style and complaining about "going around in circles."

As I'm learning, my teaching methods are not for everyone; I don't use textbooks per se and don't follow a structured lesson plan. Why? Basically because my students are a motley bunch and one size most definitely does NOT fit all; the ones who will benefit from my teaching style are people who are more willing to be free-form and accept unorthodox learning strategies.

Since I base my teaching methods on both how I taught English to Japanese students for five years in Japan, combined with how I myself learned Japanese while in Japan -- at no time did I take any lessons from Japanese teachers but rather tried to find methods to learn that most suited me -- I was not sure that the outcome of my teaching style would be good for new learners of Japanese or not.

Since what happened to Mathieu, I have become convinced that, while not for everyone, my teaching method will accelerate the learning of colloquial Japanese much, much faster than any traditional method that I'm aware of. Call it "Guerrilla Japanese" -- call it what you want, but my "system," which I have been putting together on the fly up until now, is a very good one for certain students, a very bad one for others.

Allow me to explain.

After about five months of once-a-week lessons, Mathieu, who started off at a beginner level and had told me he had tried learning with both a native Japanese teacher and a non-native Japanese teacher in Montreal but had been dissatisfied with both, was suddenly confronted with a chance to use what he had learned from me in real life -- his first encounter with a Japanese person in the place where he works.

He told me that the 30-something woman and he began a conversation in Japanese and that her surprise gave way to amazement at his proficiency in her language, and she demanded to know what Japanese teacher he had learned his Japanese from, assuming naturally that he had learned from a native speaker. When he told her that he had learned his Japanese "from an American guy living in Montreal" she was flabbergasted and almost came close to calling him a liar.

Mathieu's words were "She was gob-smacked!" which is a strange British term meaning, basically, speechless.

Well, needless to say, I was thrilled to the core. All that time, all those lessons -- those seemingly free-form, "disorganized" lessons which had one couple profoundly unsatisfied, had paid off in spades with Mathieu.

I now know that I'm onto something, and it's something that no one else to my knowledge has ever tried. Trying to give my approach a name is difficult; "Teaching Japanese from the Inside-Out" is the best description I can come up with at the moment, but whatever it is, it worked spectacularly with Mathieu. He told me that this woman was so amazed at his natural speaking style that she insisted on meeting me to find out if what he had told her was true.

Well, that hasn't happened yet, but when it does, I will let you know.

Meanwhile, you can go fetch the PDF of the first entry in my "Syllabus" (called "section_1_.pdf") which deals with one of the most important decisions a new student has to make when starting Japanese lessons: whether or not to learn Japanese in Japanese, or to learn it in English.

When I have completed more of the sections I will eventually post the links in a sidebar.

Meanwhile, 明けましておめでとうございます -- "Akemashite omedeto gozaimasu" -- Happy New Year.